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what does it mean to flip someone off with your thumb out

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Obscene manus gesture

Person "giving the centre finger"

In Western culture, "the finger", or the centre finger (as in giving someone the (middle) finger, the bird [1] or flipping someone off)[ane] is an obscene hand gesture. The gesture communicates moderate to farthermost antipathy, and is roughly equivalent in meaning to "fuck me", "fuck you", "shove information technology upwardly your ass/arse", "up yours" or "go fuck yourself". It is performed by showing the back of a mitt that has only the middle finger extended upward, though in some locales, the thumb is extended. Extending the finger is considered a symbol of contempt in several cultures, especially in the Western world. Many cultures use like gestures to display their boldness, although others utilize it to express pointing without intentional disrespect. The gesture is ordinarily used to limited contempt only can also be used humorously or playfully.

The gesture dates back to ancient Greece and it was besides used in ancient Rome. Historically, it represented the phallus. In the early on 1800s, it gained increasing recognition as a sign of disrespect and was used past music artists (notably more common amid actors, celebrities, athletes and politicians; most still view the gesture as obscene). The index finger and band finger as well the eye finger in more than contemporary periods has been likened to represent the testes.[2]

Classical era

The Cynic philosopher Diogenes, pictured by Gérôme with the big jar in which he lived; when strangers at the inn were expressing their wish to catch sight of the not bad orator Demosthenes, Diogenes is said to take stuck out his middle finger and exclaimed "this, for you, is the demagogue of the Athenians".[3]

The middle finger gesture was used in ancient times as a symbol of sexual intercourse, in a manner meant to degrade, intimidate and threaten the individual receiving the gesture.[iv] It also represented the phallus, with the fingers next to the middle finger representing testicles;[5] from its shut association, the gesture may have assumed apotropaic potency.[6] In the 1st-century Mediterranean globe, extending the finger was one of many methods used to divert the ever-present threat of the evil centre.[7]

In Greek the gesture was known as the katapygon [8] [9] (κατάπυγον, from kata – κατά, "downwards"[10] and pugē – πυγή, "rump, buttocks"[eleven]). In ancient Greek comedy, the finger was a gesture of insult toward another person, with the term katapugon also referring to "a male person who submits to anal penetration"[12] or katapygaina to a female.[13] In Aristophanes's one-act The Clouds (423 BC),[xiv] when the character Socrates is quizzing his pupil on poetic meters, Strepsiades declares that he knows quite well what a dactyl is, and gives the finger. The gesture is a visual pun on the two meanings of the Greek discussion daktylos, both "finger" and the rhythmic measure equanimous of a long syllable and two short, similar the joints of a finger ( — ‿ ‿, which besides appears every bit a visual pun on the penis and testicles in a medieval Latin text[15]). Socrates chosen ane who made the gesture "boorish and stupid".[14] [16] The gesture recurs equally a form of mockery in Peace, aslope farting in someone's face;[17] [18] the usage is subsequently explained in the Suda and included in the Adagia of Erasmus.[19] [20] The verb "to play the Siphnian" appears in a fragment of Aristophanes and has a similar meaning;[21] [22] the usage is once once again explained in the Suda, where it is said to hateful "to impact the anus with a finger".[23] Diogenes Laërtius records how the Cynic philosopher Diogenes of Sinope directed the gesture at the orator Demosthenes in quaternary-century BC Athens.[3] In the Discourses of Epictetus, Diogenes'southward target is instead ane of the sophists.[24]

Roman rock busts from Bar Colina Fort, Scotland. Silenus and bearded man with eye finger extended in the "infamis digitus" to ward off the evil eye.[25] A video of the figure on the right has been made.[26]

In Latin, the heart finger was the digitus impudicus, significant the "shameless, indecent or offensive finger".[v] In the 1st century AD, Persius had superstitious female relatives concoct a charm with the "infamous finger" (digitus infamis) and "purifying spit";[27] [28] while in the Satyricon, an erstwhile woman uses dust, spit and her middle finger to mark the brow before casting a spell.[29] The poet Martial has a graphic symbol in adept health extend "the indecent one" toward three doctors.[five] [xxx] In another epigram, Martial wrote: "Laugh loud, Sextillus, at whoever calls you a cinaedus and extend your eye finger."[31] [32] Juvenal, through synecdoche, has the "middle nail" cocked at threatening Fortuna.[33] The indecent finger features again in a mocking context in the Priapeia, a drove of poems relating to the phallic god Priapus.[half-dozen] In Tardily Antiquity, the term "shameless finger" is explained in the Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville with reference to its frequent use when accusing someone of a "shameful action".[34]

America

Linguist Jesse Sheidlower traces the gesture's development in the United States to the 1890s. According to anthropologist Desmond Morris, the gesture probably came to the United States via Italian immigrants.[5] The beginning documented appearance of the finger in the United States was in 1886, when Old Hoss Radbourn, a baseball pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters, was photographed giving it to a member of their rival the New York Giants.[5] In the flick Speedy (1928), Harold Lloyd'south character gives himself the finger into a distorting mirror at Luna Park, about 25 minutes into the moving-picture show.

Memorial in 2021 in Brooklyn, NYC featuring a photo cut-out of the deceased giving the eye-finger

Political and military use

The gesture has been involved in political events. During the USSPueblo incident, in which an American ship was captured by North korea, the captured American crewmembers oft discreetly gave the finger in staged photo ops, thus ruining the North Koreans' efforts at propaganda. The Northward Koreans, ignorant of what the gesture meant, were at first told past the prisoners that information technology was a "Hawaiian practiced luck sign", similar to the shaka. When the guards finally figured things out, the crewmembers were subjected to extremely severe beatings.[36] Abbie Hoffman used the gesture at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.[4] Ronald Reagan, while serving as the Governor of California, gave the eye finger to counterculture protesters in Berkeley, California.[4] Nelson Rockefeller, and then the Vice President of the United states, directed the gesture to hecklers at a 1976 campaign stop nearly Binghamton, New York, leading information technology to be chosen the "Rockefeller gesture".[4] In 1982, Pierre Trudeau, then the Prime Minister of Canada, gave the finger to protesters in Salmon Arm, British Columbia,[37] earning the incident the nickname the "Salmon Arm salute".[38] The gesture itself has likewise been nicknamed the "Trudeau salute".[39] Erstwhile president George W. Bush-league gave the finger to the camera at an Austin production facility during his term as governor of Texas, maxim information technology was "simply a one-finger victory salute."[xl] Anthony Weiner gave the finger to reporters after leaving his election headquarters the dark he lost the 2013 primary election for Mayor of New York City.[41] During the campaign for the 2013 German federal election, the leading candidate of the Social Democratic Party of Frg, Peer Steinbrück controversially gave the finger in a photo interview with Süddeutsche Zeitung's Magazin supplement.[42]

During World War II, the 91st Bombardment Group of the U.s.a. Regular army Air Forces referred to the gesture as the "rigid digit" salute. It was used in a more jocular manner, to propose an airman had committed an fault or infraction; the term was a reference to British slang terms for inattentiveness (i.e. "pull your finger out (of your bum)").[43] The "order of the rigid digit" continued afterward the war every bit a serial of awards presented past the veteran'southward association of the 91st, marked by wooden statuettes of a manus giving the single finger gesture.[44] In 2005 during the war in Iraq, Gunnery Sergeant Michael Burghardt gained prominence when the Omaha Earth-Herald published a photograph of Burghardt making the gesture towards Iraqi insurgents he believed to exist watching after an improvised explosive device failed to kill him.[45]

The heart finger has been involved in judicial hearings. An appellate courtroom in Hartford, Connecticut ruled in 1976 that gesturing with the middle finger was offensive, merely non obscene, later a law officeholder charged a 16-year-old with making an obscene gesture when the educatee gave the officer the middle finger.[46] The case was appealed to the Connecticut Supreme Court,[47] which upheld the determination.[48] In March 2006, a federal lawsuit was filed regarding the free speech issue.[49]

Giving the finger has resulted in negative consequences. A Malaysian human being was bludgeoned to death after giving the finger to a motorist following a car chase.[50] A Pakistani man was deported by the United Arab Emirates for the gesture, which violates indecency codes.[51]

People have given the finger as a method of political protestation. At a concert, Ricky Martin gave a flick of George West. Bush the finger to protest the State of war in Iraq.[52] Serbian protesters gave the finger to the Russian embassy regarding their support of Slobodan Milošević.[53] Artist Ai Weiwei has used the finger in photographs and sculptures equally a political statement.[54] As a political message to the Czech President Miloš Zeman, Czech artist David Černý floated an outsize, purple statue of a hand on the River Vltava in Prague; its middle finger extended towards Prague Castle, the Presidential seat.[55] Černý had also mounted a middle finger on a pink former Soviet tank from the Monument to Soviet Tank Crews in 1991.[56] In 2011–2012, the pinkish tank with the finger was displayed once more on a barge on the Vltava.[ citation needed ]

In 2017, while bicycling, Juli Briskman gave the finger to the motorcade of Donald Trump as it drove past her, and a photo that went viral forced her to resign from her chore. She was elected to the board of supervisors for Loudoun County, Virginia, in the 2019 Virginia elections.[57]

In popular culture

The use of the heart finger has become pervasive in popular civilisation. The band Cobra Starship released a song chosen "Middle Finger", and released a music video that showed people giving the finger.[58] Italian creative person Maurizio Cattelan installed a marble statue of a heart finger measuring 11 metres (36 ft), located directly in front of the Milan Stock Exchange.[59] A at present-famous photograph of Johnny Cash shows him giving the centre finger to a photographer during a 1969 concert at San Quentin State Prison, released as At San Quentin.[60] All the same, the photo remained adequately obscure until 1998, when producer Rick Rubin fabricated information technology the centerpiece of an ad in Billboard criticizing country radio for not giving airplay to Cash's Grammy-winning album Unchained. Cameron Diaz fabricated the gesture during a photo shoot for Esquire.[61] Harold Lloyd shot the finger to his ain reflection in a Coney Island funhouse after getting pigment on his suit in Speedy, his terminal silent feature, from 1928.[62]

Athletes, including Stefan Effenberg, Ron Artest, Luis Suárez, Juan Pablo Montoya, Iván Rodríguez, Danny Graves, Jack McDowell, Natasha Zvereva, Josh Smith, Bryan Cox, and Johnny Manziel[63] take been suspended or fined for making the gesture.[five] [61] [64] [65] [66] José Paniagua was released by the Chicago White Sox after giving the middle finger to an umpire; he never played in the majors again.[64] Baseball executive Chub Feeney once resigned later giving the finger to fans on Fan Appreciation Night.[64] [67] Bud Adams, owner of the National Football game League's Tennessee Titans, was fined U.s.$250,000 for giving both middle fingers to the fans of the Buffalo Bills during a game.[68] [69] Professional person wrestler Stone Common cold Steve Austin is also famous for flashing one or both middle fingers as function of his gimmick. Hockey star Jaromír Jágr fabricated the gesture several times following goals in the early 1990s.[70]

The NME Awards, an almanac music awards bear witness in the UK, uses an extended middle finger design in the trophy handed out to the winners.[71] Many musical artists, including Madonna, Lady Gaga, Eminem, Ariana Grande, Katy Perry, and Adele take publicly fabricated the gesture.[72] [73] [74] Britney Spears and Iggy Azalea have given the gesture towards members of the paparazzi, but had to apologize when fans interpreted the gesture as directed at them.[5] K.I.A. gave the gesture during the Super Bowl XLVI Halftime Testify.[v] [75] The National Football League, NBC, and M.I.A. apologized.[five] [76] The CD itself for Kid Rock's anthology Devil Without a Crusade is a moving picture of his raised middle finger. On the encompass of Moby Grape's start album, Moby Grape, ring fellow member Don Stevenson was defenseless flipping the bird at the camera. The finger was airbrushed out of subsequent releases of the album.

In automobile driving culture, giving the finger to a fellow motorist communicates displeasure at another person's reckless driving habits and/or their disregard for common courtesy.[77]

The finger is included in Unicode as U+1F595 🖕 REVERSED HAND WITH MIDDLE FINGER EXTENDED.[78]

The media sometimes refers to the gesture as being mistaken for an indication of "we're number one", typically indicated with a raised index finger.[67] [79] [lxxx] Sometimes, though, the "fault" is actually an intentional euphemism meant to indirectly convey the gesture in a medium where a direct description would be inappropriate. For case, Don Meredith is famously noted in a 1972 Mon Night Football game describing the finger of a dejected Houston Oilers fan as, "He thinks they're number i in the nation."[81] Ira Robbins, a law professor, believes the finger is no longer an obscene gesture.[five] Psychologist David Walsh, founder of the National Institute on Media and the Family, sees the growing acceptance of the middle finger as a sign of the growth of a "culture of disrespect".[61]

Google Street View'due south picture of the area around the Wisconsin Governor'southward Mansion, taken in 2011 during the tenure of Scott Walker, shows a jogger giving the finger in the direction of the mansion.[82]

Similar gestures

The hand gesture on the left is the normal "victory" symbol. The gesture on the correct is the rude gesture.

In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, the V sign, "two-fingered salute" or "the fingers", when given with back of the hand towards the recipient, serves a similar purpose. According to a Royal Shakespeare Company synopsis of the play Henry Five, a "two-fingered salute" appeared in the Macclesfield Psalter of c.  1330 (in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge), "being made by a glove in the psalter'south marginalia". George H. W. Bush, former President of the Us, accidentally made the gesture while on a diplomatic trip to Australia.[83]

In countries where Castilian, Portuguese or French are spoken, and especially in Spain, Portugal, Brazil and French republic, the gesture involving raising a fist and slapping the biceps on the same arm as the fist used, sometimes called the bras d'honneur (French), corte de mangas (Spanish), manguito (Portugal), dar uma assistant (Brazil), or Iberian slap, is equivalent to the finger.

Italy, Poland and countries under the influence of Russian culture,[ commendation needed ] such as Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, also see information technology as equivalent to the finger, but the bulk of young people in these countries utilize the finger as an insult, which is associated with the Western culture.[five]

More ordinarily in Turkish or Slavic regions, the fig sign (also known as nah or shish) serves as the equivalent to the finger, pregnant "y'all won't get it" or "in your dreams". The gesture is typically made with the hand and fingers curled and the pollex thrust between the middle and index fingers. This gesture is too used similarly in Republic of indonesia, Turkey and Prc.[84]

In Japanese Sign Linguistic communication, this same gesture (with all fingers curled inward except the middle one) means the following: elder brother (manus moving upwardly), younger brother (hand moving downwards), and siblings in full general (ane hand moving up, i moving down).[85] [86] This comes from a kittenish name of the centre finger, o-nii-san-yubi ("big-brother finger"), as opposed to o-tō-san-yubi ("dad finger", the thumb), o-kā-san-yubi ("mom finger", the index), o-nee-san-yubi ("big-sister finger", the band finger) and aka-chan-yubi ("infant finger", the pinky).[87] The equivalent words for sisters are expressed with the pinky. In the Japanese manual syllabary, the center finger (with the front of the paw facing forward) stands for the kana せ (which, incidentally, is too an primitive word for "blood brother").

Run across also

  • Articulatory gestures
  • Dulya (Fig sign)
  • List of gestures
  • List of sign languages
  • Manual communication
  • Mooning
  • Mountza
  • Non verbal advice
  • Obscene gesture
  • OK (gesture)
  • Shaka sign
  • Shocker (hand gesture)
  • Sign of the Horns
  • V sign or "the fingers"
  • Wanker

References

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Further reading

  • Fairman, Christopher K. (2009). Fuck: Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties. Sphinx Publishing. ISBN978-1572487116.
  • Loheed, M. J.; Patterson, Matt; Schmidt, Eddie (1998). The Finger: A Comprehensive Guide to Flipping Off. Acrid Test. ISBN1888358122.
  • Wagner, Melissa; Armstrong, Nancy (2003). Field Guide to Gestures: How to Identify and Translate Virtually Every Gesture Known to Human being. Quirk Books. ISBN1931686203.

External links

  • Robbins, Ira P. (2008). "Digitus Impudicus: The Middle Finger and the Police" (pdf). UC Davis Law Review. 41. SSRN 982405.
  • "Finger Gesture Guide". Simply Body Linguistic communication. SteNet Services B.V.
  • "Pluck Yew". Snopes.com. July 9, 2007.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_finger

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